Excerpt from: Kuchler, A.W. 1964. Potential Natural Vegetation of the Conterminous United States, American Geographical Society, Special Publication No. 36.
| NAME | PHYSIOGNOMY | DOMINANTS | OTHER COMPONENTS | OCCURRENCE |
| 1 Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest (picea - thuja - tsuga) | Dense forest of tall needleleaf evergreen trees, rarely with an admixture of broadleaf deciduous trees | Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis) Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata) Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) | Abies grandis, Alnus rubra, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (southern part), Pseudotsuga menziesii | Along the coasts of Washington and Oregon. Occasionally on the western slopes of the Cascade Range. |
| 2 Cedar - hemlock - Douglas fir forest (thuja - tsuga - pseudotsuga) | Dense forests of very tall needleleaf evergreen trees | Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)Western red cedar (Thuja plicata) Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) | Abies grandis, Acer circinatum, A. macrophyllum, Berberis nervosa, Gaultheria shallon, Rubus spectabilis; in southernmost part only: Pinus lambertiana, P. pondersosa | Pacific Northwest from the Canadian border into California, mostly west of the crest of the Cascade Range |
| 3 Silver fir - Douglas fir forest (abies - pseudotsuga) | Dense forests of tall needleleaf evergreen trees with patches of shrubby undergrowth. | Pacific silver fir Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) | Abies grandis, A. procera, Acer circinatum, Arctostaphylos nevadensis, Pachystima myrsinites, Rhododendron macrophyllum, Thuja plicata, Tsuga heterophylla, Vaccinium membranaceum | Western slopes of Cascade Range |
| 4 Fir - hemlock forest (abies - tsuga) | Dense or medium dense forests of low to medium tall needleleaf evergreen trees | Subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) Mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) | Abies amabilis, Picea engelmannii, Pinus albicaulis, P. contorta, P. monticola, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Vaccinium spp., Xerophyllum tenax | Cascade Range |
| 5 Mixed conifer forest (abies - pinus - pseudot - suga) | Tall, needleleaf, evergreen forest, occasionally with broadleaf trees and shrubs | White fir(Abies concolor) Incense cedar(Librocedrus decurrens) Sugar pine(Pinus lambertiana) Ponderosa pine(Pinus ponderosa) Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) | Arctostaphylos mariposa, A. patula, Ceanothus integerrimus, Chamaebatia foliolosa, Pseudotsuga macrocarpa (southern part only, where it may dominate), Quercus chrysolepis, Q. kelloggii, Ribes nevadense, R. roezlii, Rubus parviflorus. | Sierra Nevada, northern California Coast Range extending into southwestern Oregon; high elevations of southern California |
| 6 Redwood forest (sequoia - pseudotsuga) | Dense forests of very tall needleleaf, evergreen trees, sometimes with much undergrowth | Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) | Abies gradis, Gaultheria shallon, Lithocarpus densiflourus, Myrica california, Oxalis oregona, Polystichum munitum, Rhododendron macrophyllum, Tsuga heterophylla, Vaccinium ovatum, Vancouveria parviflora, Whipplea modesta | Seward slopes of outer Coast Ranges of northern California and adjacent Oregon |
| 7 Red fir forest (abies) | Tall dense forests of needleleaf evergreen trees with patches of shrubby undergrowth | Red fir (Abies magnifica) | Castanopsis sempervirens, Ceanothus cordulatus, Ipomopsis aggregata, Pinus contorta, P. jeffreyi, P. monticola, Populus tremuloides | Sierra Nevada of California |
| 8 Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest (pinus - tsuga) | Fairly dense to quite open needleleaf evergreen forest; medium tall in lower elevations to krummholz in high altitudes with numerous shrubs and herbaceous plants | Whitebark(Pinus albicaulis) Foxtail pine (Pinus alfouriana) Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) Mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana) | Aquilegia pubescens, Castilleja culbertsonii, Eriogonum incanum, Pedicularis attolens, Penstemon heterodoxus, Pinus flexilis, Potentilla breweri, Ribes cereum, Salix petrophila | Sierra Nevada of California |
| 9 Pine - cypress forest (pinus - cupressus) | Rather dense forest of low to medium tall needleleaf evergreen trees | Gowen cypress (Cupressus goveniana) Monterey cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa) Lodgepole (beach) pine (Pinus contorta) Bishop pine (Pinus muricata) Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) | Arctostaphylos nummularia, Ledum glandulosum, Xerophyllum tenax | Along the coast of California in a narrow, much interrupted belt. |
| 10 Ponderosa - shrub forest (pinus) | Moderately dense to open forests of tall needleleaf evergreen trees with shrubs and some grass | Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) | Agropyron spicatum, Arctostaphylos patula, A. parryana var. pinetorum, Calamagrostis rubescens, Ceanothus velutinus, Cerocarpus ledifolius, Festuca idahoensis, Holodiscus discolor, Physocarpus capitatus, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Purshia tridentata, Symphoricarpos spp. | Oregon, northern California |
| 11 Western ponderosa forest (pinus) | Medium dense to open forest of tall needleleaf evergreen trees with a fairly open ground cover of grasses and occasional shrubs | Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) | Achillea millefolium var. lanulosa, Agropyron spicatum, Arctostaphylos nevadensis (southern part), A. uva - ursi, Carex geyeri, Festuca idahoensis, Hieracium spp., Lupinus spp., Poa secunda, Purshia tridentata, Symphoricarpos albus (northern part) | Oregon, Washington, Idaho, western Montana |
| 12 Douglas fir forest (pseudotsuga) | Medium dense forest of medium tall needleleaf evergreen trees | Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) | Abies concolor, Larix occidentalis, Physocarpus malvaceus, Picea pungens, P. glauca (northern part) Pinus contorta, P. ponderosa (lower elevations) , Populus tremuloides | Northern Rocky Mountains and Washington |
| 13 Cedar - hemlock - pine forest (thuja - tsuga - pinus) | Tall evergreen needleleaf forest, often very dense | Western white pine (Pinus monticola) Western red cedar (Thuja plicata) Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) | Abies grandis, Larix occidentalis, Pinus ponderosa (lower elevations), Pseudotsuga menziesii | Northern Rocky Mountains |
| 14 Grand fir - Douglas fir forest (abies - pseudotsuga) | Tall, needleleaf evergreen forest | Grand fir (Abies grandis) Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) | Larix occidentalis, Pinus monticola, Populus tremuloides | Idaho, eastern Oregon and Washington |
| 15 Western spruce - fir forest (picea - abies) | Dense to open forests of low to medium tall needleleaf evergreen trees; open forests with a synusia of shrubs and herbaceous plants | Subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) | Artostaphylos uva - ursi, Arnica cordifolia, Calamagrostis canadensis, Carex spp., Larix lyallii, Menziesia ferruginea, Pinus albicaulis (northern part), P. contorta, Populus tremuloides, Pseudotsuga menziesii (lower elevations), Shepherdia canadensis, Symphoricarpos albus, Tsuga mertensiana (western part), Vaccinium spp., Xerophyllum tenax | High altitudes of northern Rocky Mountains and Washington |
| 16 Eastern ponderosa forest (pinus) | Medium dense to open forest of low to medium tall needleleaf evergreen trees with a fairly open ground cover of grasses | Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) | Agropyron smithii, Bouteloua gracilis, Stipa comata | Eastern Montana, northeastern Wyoming, western North and South Dakota, northwestern Nebraska |
| 17 Black Hills pine forest (pinus) | Dense to open forests of medium tall to tall needleleaf evergreen trees. On lower elevations, the forest is open with much grass and an admixture of broadleaf deciduous trees in the east and shrubs in the western part. | Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) | Arctostaphylos uva - ursi, Elymus spp.,
Juniperus communis, Poa pratensis (immigrant), Prunus virginiana, Symphoricarpos
albus, S. occidentalis In marginal sections; Agropyron smithii, A. spicatum, Bouteloua gracilis, Carex filifolia, C. stenophylla, Koeleria cristata, Stipa comata Western foothills: Artemisia tridentata, Cercocarpus parviflorus, Chrysothamnus graveolens, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Physocarpus intermedia, Rhus trilobata Eastern foothills (along streams): Acer negundo, Celtis occidentalis, Ostrya virginiana, Quercus macrocarpa, Ulmus americana |
Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming |
| 18 Pine - Douglas fir forest (pinus - pseudotsuga) | Open to dense forests of tall needleleaf evergreen trees, often with much undergrowth | Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) | Acer glabrum, Alnus tenuifolia, Blepharoneuron tricholepis, Ceanothus fendleri, Chamaebatiara millefolium, Festuca arizonica, Holodiscus dumosus, Jamesia americana, Juniperus communis car. montana, Picea pugens, Pinus flexilis, Prunus emarginata, Ribes spp., Salix spp. | Southern Rocky Mountains |
| 19 Arizona pine forest (pinus) | Open to dense forest of needleleaf evergreen trees, medium tall or tall, frequently with a herbaceous ground cover | Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) | Aristida spp., Blepharoneuron tricholepis, Ceanothus fendleri, Festuca arizonica, Holodicus dumosus, Muhlenbergia montana, Physocarpus monogynus, Pinus cembroides (southern part) P. flexilix (upper elevations), P. leiophylla var. chihuahuana (southern part), Poa fendleriana, Pseudotsuga menziesii (upper elevations), Quercus gambelii, Stipa spp. | Arizona |
| 20 Spruce - fir - Douglas fir forest (picea - abies - pseudotsuga) | Open to dense forest of low to medium tall needleleaf evergreen trees with an admixture of broadleaf deciduous low trees and shrubs | White fir (Abies concolor) Blue spruce (Picea pungens) Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) | Acer glabrum, Amelanchier alnifolia, Chanaebatiaria millefolium, Pachystima myrsinites, Physocarpus malvacea, Populus tremuloides, Prunus virginiana, Sambucus glauca, Symphoricarpos vaccinoides | Southern Utah, northern Arizona |
| 21 Southwestern spruce - fir forest (picea - abies) | Dense to open stands of low to medium tall needleleaf evergreen trees | Corkbark fir (Abies lasiocarpa var. arizonica) Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii | Abies lasiocarpa, Acer glabrum, Juniperus communis, Pachystima myrsinites, Pinus aristata, P. flexilis, Populus tremuloides, Ribes spp., Salix bebbiana, Sambucus racemosa, Symphoricarpos vaccinoides | Southern Rocky Mountains and Arizona |
| 22 Great Basin pine forest (pinus) | Open forest of low to medium tall needleleaf evergreen trees with shrubs and grass especially in the lower elevations | Bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata) Limber pine (Pinus flexilis) | Agropyron spicatum, Artemisia tridentata, Astragalus platytropis, Cercocarpus ledifolius, Chrysothamnus spp., Cryptantha hoffmannii, C. roosiorum, Cymopterus cinerarius, Festuca idahoensis, Haplopappus gilmani, Holodiscus dumosus, Penstemon scapoides, Pinus ponderosa (lower elevations), Poa secunda, Stipa pinetorum, Symphoricarpos spp., | In the higher elevations of the mountain ranges in the Great Basin |
| 23 Juniper - pinyon woodland (juniperus - pinus) | Open groves of needleleaf evergreen low trees with varying admixtures of shrubs and herbaceous plants | Oneseed juniper (Juniperus monosperma) Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) Pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) (more in eastern part) Oneleaf pine (Pinus monophylla) (more in western part) | Agropyron smithii, Artemisia tridentata (not in southern part), Bouteloua curtipendula, B. gracilis, Ceanothus spp., Cercocarpus spp., Chrysothamnus spp., Cowania mexicana, Fallugia paradoxa, Juniperus deppeana (southern part), J. occidentalis, Oryzopis hymenoides, Purshia tridentata, Quercus emoryi, Q. gambelii, Q. grisea, Q. undulata, Sporobolus cryptandrus | California to Colorado; southward to Arizona and New Mexico |
| 24 Juniper steppe woodland (juniperus - artemisa - agropron) | Open groves of low, often shrub like needleleaf evergreen trees with an open to medium dense understory of low shrubs and grass | Blue wheatgrass (Agropyron spicatum) Big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) | Artemisia arbuscula, Balsamorrhiza sagittata, Festuca idahoensis, Lithospermum ruderale, Lupinus sericeus, Poa secunda, Purshia tridentata, Sitanion spp. | East of Cascade Range |
| 25 Alder - ash forest (alnus - fraxinus)) | Usually dense forests of low to medium tall broadleaf deciduous trees, often with a synusia of graminoids and forbs | Red alder (Alnus rubra) Oregon ash (Fraxinus latifolia) | Acer macrophyllum, Carex spp., Deschampsia caespitosa, Juncus spp., Populus trichocarpa, Symphoricarpos albus | Oregon, Washington |
| 26 Oregon oak woods (quercus) |
Broadleaf deciduous forests of medium tall trees, often with an undergrowth of grass and some shrubs | Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) | Agrostis tenuis, Amelanchier spp., Arbutus menziesii (southern part), Elymus glaucus, Festuca californica, F. rubra, Melica bulbosa, Rhus diversiloba | Oregon, southern Washington |
| 27 Mesquite bosques (prosopis) | Open to dense forests of low, broadleaf deciduous trees | Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora var. velutina) | Acacia greggii, Baccharis emoryi, B. glutinosa, Cercidium floridum, Clematis neomexicana, Cucurbita digitata, C. foetidissima, Dalea spinosa, Hymenoclea monogyra, Lycium spp., Olneya tesota, Populus fremontii, Prosopis pubescens, Salix gooddingii | Southern Arizona |
| 29 California mixed evergreen forest (quercus - arbutus - pseudotsuga) | Medium tall to tall broadleaf and needleleaf evergreen forest with an admixture of broadleaf deciduous trees | Madrone (Arbutus menziesii) Golden chinquapin (Castanopsis chrysophylla) Tanbark oak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) Canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis) Interior live oak (Quercus wislizenii) California laurel (Umbellularia californica) | Acer macrophyllum, Aesculus californica, Arctostaphylos manzanita, Ceanothus parryi, C. thyrsiflorus, Cornus nuttallii, Quercus douglasii, Q. garryana, Q. kelloggii | Northern California Coast Range, extending into Oregon |
| 30 California oak - woods (quercus) | Medium tall or low broadleaf evergreen or semideciduous forests with an admixture of low to medium tall needleleaf evergreen trees | Coulter pine (Pinus Coulteri) (mostly in higher elevations) Digger Pine (Pinus sabiniana) Coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) Canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis) Blue oak (Quercus douglasii) Valley Oak (Quercus lobata) Interior live oak (Quercus wislizenii) | Aesculus californica, Ceanothus cuneatus, Cercis occidentalis, Eriodyction californicum, Rhamnus californica, Ribes quercetorum, Umbellularia californica. In southern part: Juglans californica, Quercus engelmannii, Rhus integrifolia, R. ovata | Around Great Central Valley of California and southern coastal ranges |
| 31 Oak - juniper woodland (quercus - juniperus) | Low open to dense forest of broadleaf and needleleaf evergreen trees and varying undergrowth | Alligator juniper (Juniperus deppeana) Oneseed Juniper (Juniperus monosperma) Emory oak (Quercus emoryi) Mexican blue oak (Quercus oblongifolia) (western part) | Arctostaphylos pungens, Bouteloua curtipendula, B. gracilis, B. birsuta, Ceanothus spp., Cowania mexicana, Dasylirion wheeleri, Garra spp., Nolina microcarpa, N. texana, Prunus cembroides (higher elevations), P. leiophylla var. chihuahuana (higher elevations), Quercus grisea, Q. hypoleucoides, Q. turbinella, Q. undulata, Rhus choriophylla, R. microphylla, Yucca schottii | Southern Arizona, New Mexico, western Texas |
| 33 Chaparral (adenos - toma - arctosta - phylos - ceanothus) | Very dense vegetation of broadleaf evergreen sclerophyll shrubs | Chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum) Manzanita (Arctostaphylos spp.) California lilac (Ceanothus spp.) | Arctostaphylos glandulosa, A. Glauca (southern part), A. manzanita (northern part), A. parryana, A. pungens (southern part), A. viscida (northern part), A. spp., Ceanothus cuneatus, C. foliosus, C. impressus, C. integerrimus, c. leucodermis, C. sorediatus, C. spinosus, C. thyrsiflorus, C. velutinus, Cerocarpus betuloides, Fremontia californica, Heteromeles arbutifolia, Pickeringia montana, Prunus ilicifolia, Quercus dumosa, Rhamnus californica, R. crocea, Trichostema lanatum, Yucca whipplei (southern part) | Mountains of southern California, Sierra Nevada, California Coast Ranges northward to southern Oregon |
| 34 Montane chaparral (arctostaphylos - castanopsis - ceanothus) | Dense vegetation of broadleaf evergreen shrubs, occasionally with some needleleaf evergreen and broadleaf deciduous trees | Greenleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos patula) Bush chinquapin (Castanopsis sempervirens) Snow bush (Ceanothus cordulatus) | Abies magnifica, Arctostaphylos manzanita, A. nevadensis, A. viscida, Ceanothus velutinus, Pinus lambertiana, P. pnderosa, Quercus kelloggii, Q. vaccinifolia | Northern California |
| 35 Coastal sagebrush (salvia - eriogonum) | Moderately dense vegetation of broadleaf evergreen shrubs, rarely more than 1.5 meters tall | California buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum) White sage (Salvia apiana) Black sage (Salvia mellifera) | Artemisia californica, Encelia californica, Eriophyllum confertiflorum, Haplopappus squarrosus, H. venetus, Horkelia cuneata, Rhus integrifolia, Salvia leucophylla | Coastal regions of southern California |
| 37 Mountain mahogany - oak scrub (cercoc - arpus - quercus) | Dense to open vegetation of deciduous or semideciduous shrubs | Mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius) Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii) | Acer grandidentatum, Amelanchier utabensis, Arctostaphylos spp., Ceanothus velutinus, Cowania mexicana, Fallugia paradoxa, Pachystima myrsinites, Physocarpus malvaceus, Purshia tridentata, Quercus bavardii, Q. turbinella, Q. undulata, Rhus trilobata, Symphoricarpos spp. | Utah, Colorado |
| 38 Great Basin sagebrush (artemisia) | Fairly dense to open vegetation of low to medium tall shrubs | Big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) | Agropyron smithii (northern part), Artemisia nova, Atriplex confertifolia, and species of Astragalus, Chrysothamnus, Coleogyne (southern part), Ephedra, Eriogonum, Lupinus, Phacelia, Tetradynia | Great Basin, eastward to Colorado, southward to Arizona and New Mexico |
| 39 Black - brush (coleogyne) | Dense to open stands of broadleaf evergreen shrubs, frequently with an open understory of grass | Blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima) | Artemisia tridentata, Ephedra spp., Gutierrezia sarothrae, Haplopappus linearifolius, Hilaria jamestii | Southern Utah, northern Arizona |
| 40 Saltbush - greasewood (atriplex - sarco - batus) | Open stands of low shrubs and dwarf shrubs | Shadscale (Atriplex confertifolia) Greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus) | Allenrolfea occidentalis, Artemisia spinescens, Atriplex spp., Distichlis specatum, Eurotia lanta, Grayia spinosa, Kochia americana, Lycium cooperi, Menodora spinescens (western part), Suaeda torreyana | Great Basin and eastward to Wyoming, southward to New Mexico |
| 41 Creosote bush (larrea) | Open stands of low to medium tall shrubs and dwarf shrubs | Creosote bush (Larrea divaricata) | Baccharis sergiloides, Encelia farinosa, Franseria dumosa, Lycium andersonii, Sphaeralcea ambigua | Southeastern California, southern Nevada, northwester Arizona |
| 42 Creosote bush - bur sage (larrea - franseria) | Open stands of shrubs and dwarf shrubs | White bur sage (Franseria dumosa) Creosote bush (Larrea divaricata) | Acacia greggii, Cercidium floridum, C. microphyllum, Dalea californica, D. sponosa, Encelia farinosa, Ferrocactus acanthodes, Fouquiera splendens, Franseria deltoidea, Hilaria rigida, Lycium brevipes, Olneya tesota, Opuntia echinocarpa, O.ramosissima, O. wrightiana, Prosopis juliflora var. velutina | Southeastern California, southwestern Arizona |
| 43 Palo verde - cactus shrub (cercidium - opuntia) | Open to dense vegetation of shrubs and low trees, often with many succulents | Palo verde (Cercidium microphyllum) Prickly pear (Opuntia spp.) | Acacia contricta, A. greggii, Calliandra eriophylla, Celtis pallida, Cercidium floridum, Cereus giganteus, Condalia lycioides, C. spathulata, Echinocereus engelmannii, Encelia farinosa, Ephedra trifurca, Ferocactus wislizenii, Fouquieria splendens, Franseria deltoidea, F. dumosa, Janusia gracilis, Jatropha cardiophylla, Larrea divaricata, Lycium spp., Olneya tesota, Opuntia engelmannii, O. fulgida, O. spinosior, O. versicolor, Prosopis juliflora var. velutina, Simmondsia chinensis | Southeastern California, southwestern Arizona |
| 44 Creosote bush - tarbush (larrea - flourensia) | Fairly dense to very open vegetation of shrubs, dwarf shrubs and grass | Tarbush (Flourensia cernua) Creosote bush (Larrea divaricata) | Acacia constricta, A. greggii, Agave lechuguilla, Atriplex canescens, Bouteloua breviseta, B. eriopoda, Dasylirion spp., Ephedra antisyphilitica, Fouquiera splendens, Gutierrezia lucida, Hiliaria mutica, Koeberlinia spinosa, Mortonia scabrella, Nolina spp., Opuntia spp., Parthenium incanum, Prosopis julifora var. torreyana, Sporobolus airoides, Yucca baccata, Y. elata | Southeastern Arizona, southern New Mexico |
| 45 Ceniza shrub (leucophyllum - larrea - prosopis) | Open to dense stand of broadleaf deciduous and evergreen shrubs with a patchy synusia of grass | Creosote bush (Larrea divaricanta) Ceniza (Leucophyllum frutescens) Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora var. Glandulosa) | Acacia spp., Bouteloua spp., Cercidium macrum, Condalia spp., Dasylirion leiophyllum, Hilaria mutica, Opuntia spp., Scleropogon brevifolius | Rio Grande valley and bluffs |
| 47 Fescue - oatgrass (festuca - danthonia) | Dense, medium tall meadow - like grassland | Sedge (Carex tumulicola) Oatgrass (Danthonia californica) Hairgrass (Deschampsia holciformis) Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis) | Agrostis hallii, Brodiaea pulchella, Calamagrotis nutkaensis, Calochortus luteus, Chrysopsis bolanderi, Grindelia hirsutula, Iris douglasiana, Lupinus formosus, L. variicolor, Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens, Ranunculus californicus, Sanicula arctopoides, Sisyrinchium bellum, Stipa lepida | Western slopes of northern Coast Ranges, California |
| 48 California steppe (stipa) | Dense to medium dense, low to medium tall grassland | Needlegrass (Stipa cernua) Speargrass (Stipa pulchra) | Aristida divaricata, Elymus glaucus, E. triticoides, Eschscholtzia califonica, Gilia spp., Lupinus bicolor, L. luteolus, Melica spp., Orthocarpus spp., Plagiobothrys nothofulvus, Poa scabrella, Sisyrinchium bellum, Stipa coronata (southern part), S. lepida, immigrant annual species of Avena, Bromus, Festuca | Central Valley of California and some coastal regions south of San Francisco |
| 49 Tule marshes (scirpus - typha) | Tall graminoid vegetation | Common tule (Scirpus acutus) California
bulrush (Scirpus californicus) Olney bulrush (Scirpus olneyi) Tule (Scirpus validus) Cattail (Typha domingensis) Soft flag (Typha latifolia) |
Carex senta, C. obnupta, Eleocharis palustris, Typha angustifolia | Widespread. Greatest extent in the Central Valley of California; elsewhere, especially along shallow lake shores as along the northeastern banks of great Salt Lake |
| 50 Fescue - wheatgrass (festuca - agropyron) | Dense, low to medium tall grassland | Bluebunch wheatgrass (Agropyron spicatum) Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis) | Achillea millefolium var.lanulosa, Artemisia tripartita, Collinsia parviflora, Hieracium albertinum, Lupinus sericeus, Potentilla blaschkeana, Rosa nutkana , R. woodsii, Symphoricarpos albus | Eastern Washington, northwestern Idaho |
| 51 Wheatgrass bluegrass (agropyron - poa) | Dense, low to medium tall grassland | Bluegrass wheatgrass (Agropyron spicatum) Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis) Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda) | Achillea millefolium var. lanulosa, Astragalus spp,. Chrysothamnus nauseosus, Draba verna, Festuca pacifica, Lithophragma bulbifera, Lupinus sericeus, Plantago purshii, Stellaria nitens | Washington, Oregon, northwestern Idaho |
| 52 Alpine meadows and barren (agrostis - carex - festuca - poa) | Usually short grasses and sedges, dense to very open with extensive barren areas; many forbs | Bentgrass (Agrostis spp.) Sedges (Carex spp.) Hairgrass (Deschampsia caespitosa) Fescue (Festuca viridula) Woodrush (Luzula spicata) Mountain timothy (Phleum alpinum) Bluegrass (Poa spp.) Spike trisetum (Trisetum spicatum) | Achillea spp., Antennaria spp., Aquilegia spp., Arenaria spp., Castilleja spp., Draba spp., Erigeron compositus, lichen spp., Oxyria digyna, Penstemon fruticosus, Phacelia spp., Phlox caespitosa, Polemonium spp., Polygonum spp., Potentilla diversifolia, Potentilla spp., Salix nivalis, Salix spp., Saxifraga spp., Selaginella spp., Sibbaldia procumbens, Sieversia turbinata, Solidago spp. | Rocky Mountains, Cascade Range, Sierra Nevada |
| 53 Grama - galleta steppe (bouteloua - hilaria) | Low to medium tall grassland with few woody plants | Blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) Galleta (Hilaria jamesii) | Andropogon hallii, A. scoparius, Artemisia tridentata, Astragalus spp., Atriplex canescens, Bouteloua curtipendula, B. hirsuta, Ephedra viridis, Opuntia whipplei, Oryzopsis hymenoides, Tetradymis spp., Yucca glauca | Northern Arizona, New Mexico |
| 54 Grama - tobosa prairie (bouteloua - hilaria) | Open grassland of rather low growth with scattered succulents, etc. | Blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) Tobosa (Hilaria mutica ) | Bouteloua curtipendula, B. eriopoda, B. hirsuta, Gutierrezia spp., Muhlenbergia spp., Opuntia imbricata, Tridens pilosus, Yucca spp. | Western Texas |
| 55 Sagebrush steppe (artemisia - agropyron) | Dense to open grassland with dense to open shrub synusia | Bluebunch wheatgrass (Agropyron spicatum) Big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) | Artemisia arbuscula (western part), A. nova (easten part), Balsamorrhiza sagittata, Festuca idahoensis, Lithospermum ruderale, Lupinus sericeus, Oryzopsis hymenoides, Phlox spp., Poa nevadensis, P. secunda, Purshia tridentata, Sitanion spp. | Pacific Northwest and eastward to Rocky Mountains |
| 56 Wheatgrass - needlegrass shrubsteppe (agropyron - stipa - artemisia) | Open grasslands, sometimes fairly dense, with scattered dwarf shrubs | Western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii) Big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) Plains bluegrass (Poa arida ) Needle - and - thread grass (Stipa comata) | Agropyron spicatum, Artemisia cana, A. frigida, Atriplex canescens, A. confertifolia, Carex filifolia, Eurotia lanata, Koeleria cristata, Sarcobatus vermiculatus | Montana, Wyoming |
| 57 Galleta - three awn shrubsteppe (hilaria - aristida) | Open grassland with low shrubs | Three awn (Aristida longiseta) Sandsage (Aretemisia filifolia) Mormon tea (Ephedra viridis) Galleta (Hilaria jamesii) | Aster cichoriaceus, Berberis fremontii, Bouteloua gracilis, Chrysopsis villosa, Chrysothamnus nauseosus, C. viscidiflorus, Ephedra torreyana, Euploca convolvulacea, Franseria acanthicarpa, Helicanthus anomalus, Mentzelia pumila, Muhlenbergia pungens, Munroa squarrosa, Oenothera albicaulis, Oryzopsis hymenoides, Poliomintha incana, Quercus undulata, Sphaeralcea grossulariaefolia, Sporobolus cryptandrus, Stephanomeria pauciflora | Southeastern Utah |
| 58 Grama - tobosa shrubsteppe (bouteloua - hilaria - larrea) | Short grasses with a shrub synusia varying from very open to dense | Black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda) Tobosa (Hilaria mutica ) Creosote bush (Larrea divaricata) | Acacia constricta, Andropogon barbinodis, Aristida divaricata, A. glabrata, A. hamulosa, A. Longiseta, Astragalus spp., Baileya multiradiata, Bouteloua curtipendula, B. gracilis, B. spp., Gutierrezia sarothrae, Hilaria belangeri, H. jamesii, Mentzelia spp., Muhlenbergia porteri, Opuntia spp., Prosopis juliflora var. torreyana, Sphaeralcea spp., Sporobolus airoides, S. cryptandrus, S. flexuosus, Yucca baccata, Y. elata, Zinnia grandiflora, Z. pumila | Southeastern Arizona, southern New Mexico |
| 59 Trans - pecos shrub savanna (flourensia - larrea) | Shrubs and dwarf shrubs, dense to scattered, with short grass | Tarbush (Flourensia cernua) Creosote bush (Larrea divaricata) | Acacia constricta, A. greggii, Agave lechuguilla, Aristida spp., Bouteloua breviseta, B. trifida, Dasylirion leiophyllum, Fouquieria splendens, Hilaria mutica, Muhlenbergia porteri, M. spp., Opuntia spp., Prosopis juliflora var. glandulosa, Scleropogon brevifolius, Yucca spp. | Western Texas and adjacent New Mexico |
| 60 Mesquite savanna (prosopis - hilaria) | Fairly dense to open stands of grass with scattered broadleaf evergreen or deciduous shrubs and low trees | Curly mesquite grass (Hilaria belangeri) Tobosa (Hilaria mutica) Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora var. glandulosa) | Acacia greggii, Acacia spp., Andropogon barbinodis, Aristida glauca, A. purpurea, A. wrightii, Bouteloua curtipendula, B. rigidiseta, Buchloë dactyloides, Juniperus pinchotii, Quercus virginiana var. fusiformis | Western Texas |
| 61 Mesquite - acacia savanna (prosopis - acacia - andropogon - setaria) | Dense to open grassland with broadleaf deciduous low trees and shrubs scattered singly and in groves | Blackbrush acacia (Acacia rigidula) Seacoast bluestem (Andropogon littoralis) Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora var. glandulosa) Plains bristle grass (Setaria macrostachya) | Acacia berlandieri, Acacia spp., Andropogon saccharoides, A. scoparius (eastern part), Aristida spp., Bouteloua filiformis (western part), B. hirsuta, Buchloë dactyloides, Cenchrus myosuroides, Chloris spp., Condalia spp., Heteropogon contortus, Hilaria belangeri, Opuntia spp., Pappophorum bicolor, Paspalum spp., Quercus virginiana, Trichloris spp. | Southern Texas |
| 62 Mesquite - live oak savanna (prosopis - quercus - andropogon) | Rather open medium tall grass with low to medium tall broadleaf evergreen trees and low broadleaf deciduous trees and shrubs, scattered singly or in groves | Seacoast bluestem (Andropogon littoralis) Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora var. glandulosa) Sand live oak (Quercus virginiana var. maritima) | Aristida roemeriana, Brachiaria ciliatissima, Heteropogon contortus, Panicum virgatum, Paspalum spp., Sorghastrum nutans, Trachypogon secundus | Southern Texas |
| 63 Foothills prairie (agropyron - festuca - stipa) | Open to fairly dense grassland of usually rather short grasses | Bluebunch wheatgrass (Agropyron spicatum) Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis) Rough fescue (Festuca scabrella) Needle - and - thread - grass (Stipa comata) | Achillea millefolium, Agropyron smithii, Artemisia frigida, Bouteloua gracilis, Carex filifolia, Eriogonum spp., Koeleria cristata, Penstemon spp., Poa secunda | Western Montana |
| 64 Grama - needlegrass - wheatgrass (bouteloua - stipa - agropyron) | Rather short, open to fairly dense grass | Western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii) Blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) Needle - and - thread grass (Stipa comata) | Agropyron spicatum, Andropogon scoparius, Artemisia frigida, Carex filifolia, Chrysopsis villosa, Gutierrezia sarothrae, Koeleria cristata, Liatris punctata, Muhlenbergia cuspidata, Poa secunda, Sporobolus cryptandrus, Stipa viridula | Montana, Wyoming |
| 65 Grama - buffalo grass (bouteoua - buchloë) | Fairly dense grassland of short grass with somewhat taller grasses in the eastern sections | Blue gamma (Bouteloua gracilis) Buffalo grass (Buchloë dactyloides) | Agropyron smithii, Aristida purpurea, Bouteloua curtipendula, B. hirsuta, Gaura coccinea, Grindelia squarrosa, Haplopappus spinulosus, Lycurus phleoides, Muhlenbergia torreyi, Opuntia spp. (southern part), Plantago purshii, Psoralea tenuiflora, Ratibida columnifera, Senecio spp., Sitanion hystrix, Sphaeralcea coccinea, Sporobolus crytandrus, Yucca glauca, Zinnia grandiflora | Eastern parts of New Mexico and Colorado, southeastern Wyoming, western parts of Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas |
| 66 Wheatgrass - needlegrass (agropyron - stipa) | Moderately dense, short or medium tall grassland | Western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii) Blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) Needle - and - thread grass (Stipa comata) Green needlegrass (Stipa viridula) (not in Colorado ) | Agropyron trachycaulum, Antennaria spp., Artemisia frigida, Carex spp., Koeleria cristata, Mertensia spp., Oryzopsis hymenoides, Penstemon spp. Plains only: Andropogon scoparius, Artemisia dranuncula, A. ludoviciana, Aster ericoides, Echinacea angustifolia, Liatris punctata, Psoralea argophylla, Solidago spp., Stipa spartea Colorado only: Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus. Festuca arizonica, Muhlenbergia montana, Tetradymia canescens | Western North and South Dakota, eastern Montana and Wyoming, Colorado |
| 67 Wheatgrass - bluestem - needlegrass (agropyron - andropogon - stipa) | Dense, medium tall to tall grassland | Western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii) Big bluestem (Andropogon gerardi) Needlegrass (Stipa spartea) | Agropyron trachycaulum, Andropogon scoparius, Artemisia frigida, A. ludoviciana, Aster ericoides, Bouteloua curtipendula, B. gracilis, Echinaces angustifolia, Koeleria cristata, Liatris punctata, Psoralea argophylla, Rosa arkansas, Solidago missouriensis, S. mollis, Stipa comata, S. viridula | North Dakota, eastern South Dakota, Nebraska |
| 68 Wheatgrass - grama - buffalo grass (agropyron - bouteloua - buchloë) | Short to medium tall grasses; occasionally needleleaf evergreen shrubs or small trees | Western wheatgrass (Agropyron smithii) Blue grama (Bouteloua graclisis) Buffalo grass (Buchloë dactyloides) | Andropogon scoparius, Artemisia frigida, Aster ericoides, Bouteloua curtipendula, Carex eleocharis, C. filifolia, C. heliophila, Echinacea angustifolia, Juniperus scopulorum, J. viriginiana, Liatris punctata, Solidago spp., Stipa comata | South Dakota |
| 69 Bluestem - grama prairie (andropogon - bouteloua) | Dense, medium tall grassland with many forbs | Little bluestem (Andropogon scoparius) Sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula) Blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) | Agropyron smithii, Ambrosia stilostachya, Amorpha canescens, Andropogon gerardi, Buchloë dactyloides, Clematis fremontii, Dalea enneandra, Echinacea angustifolia, Erysimum asperum, Hedeoma hispida, Liatris punctata, Oenothera serrulata, Panicum virgatum, Paronychia jamesii, Psoralea tenuiflora, Scutellaria resinosa, Sorghastrum nutans, Sporobolus asper, Stenosiphon linifolius | Central and western Kansas extending into adjacent areas of Nebraska, Colorado, and Oklahoma |
| 70 Sandsage - bluestem prairie (artemisia - andropogon) | Medium tall, medium dense grassland with strong element of dwarf shrubs | Little bluestem (Andropogon scoparius) Sand bluestem (Andropogon hallii) Sandsage (Artemisia filifolia) Hairy grama (Bouteloua hirsuta) | Bouteloua gracilis, Buchloë dactyloides, Calamovilfa longifolia, Eragrostis trichodes, Helianthus petiolaris, Hordeum jubatum, Panicum virgatum, Redfieldia flexuosa, Sporobolus cryptandrus, Stipa comata, Yucca glauca | Southwestern Nebraska, western Kansas, eastern Colorado, northwestern Oklahoma |
| 71 Shinnery (quercus - andropogon) | Midgrass prairie with open to dense broadleaf deciduous shrubs and occasional needleleaf evergreen low trees or shrubs | Little bluestem (Andropogon scoparius) Shin oak (Quercus mohriana) | Acacia spp., Andropogon hallii, Aristida spp., Artemisia filifolia, Bouteloua gracilis, B. hirsuta, Buchloë dactyloides, Celtis reticulata, Cenchrus spp., Eriogonum annum, Juniperus pinchotii, Prosopis julifora var. glandulosa, Prunus angustifolia, Quercus havardii, Rhus aromatica var. pilosissima, R. trilobata, Sorghastrum nutans, Sporobolus cryptandrus, Yucca glauca | Texas panhandle and adjacent parts of New Mexico and Oklahoma |
| 72 Sea oats prairie (uniola - andropogon) | Open, short to medium tall grassland with occasional shrubs | Seacoast bluestem (Andropogon littoralis) Sea oats (Uniola paniculata) | Batis spp., Carex spp., Croton spp., Elyonurus tripsacoides, Ipomoea littoralis, I. pes - caprae, Juncus spp., Lycium spp., Paspalum monostachyum, Sesuvium portulacastrum, Xanthoxylum insulare | Islands off the southern coast of Texas |
| 73 Northern cordgrass prairie (distichlis - spartina) | Usually dense, medium tall grassland | Seashore saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) Smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) Saltmeadow cordgrass (Spartina patens) | Gerardia maritima, Juncus gerardi, Limonium carolinianum, Plantago decipiens, Salicornia spp., Triglochin maritima | Along Atlantic coast, from New England southward to North Carolina |
| 74 Bluestem prairie (andropogon - panicum - sorghastrum) | Dense vegetation of tall grasses and many forbs | Big bluestem ((Andropogon gerardi) Little bluestem (Andropogon scoparius) Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans) | Amorpha canescens, Antennaria neglecta, Aster ericoides, A. laevis, Baptisia leucantha, B. leucophaea, Bouteloua curtipendula, Erigeron strigosus, Galium tinctorum, Helianthus grosseserratus, Koeleria cristata, Liatris aspera, L. punctata, L. scarriosa, Panicum leibergii, P. scribnerianum, Phlox pilosa, Psoralea argophylla, P. floribunda, Ratibida columnifera, R. pinnata, Rosa arkansana, Silphium laciniatum, Solidago altissima. S. missouriensis, S. rigida, Sporobolus heterolepis (northern part), Stipa spartea (northern part). | North Dakota and Minnesota southward to Oklahoma. |
| 75 Nebraska sandhills prairie (andropogon - calamovilfa) | Medium dense to open grassland, tall to medium tall | Big bluestem (Andropogon gerardi) Sand bluestem (Andropogon hallii) Little bluestem (Andropogon scoparius) Sandreed (Calamovilfa longifolia) Needle - and - thread grass (Stipa comata) | Artemisia canadensis, Asclepias arenaria, Carex heliophila, Eragrostis trichodes, Erigeron spp., Gilia longifolia, Oryzopsis hymenoides, Panicum virgatum, Petalostemum villosum, Sporobolus cryptandrus | Nebraska, southern South Dakota |
| 76 Blackland prairie (andropogon - stipa) | Medium tall, rather dense grassland | Little bluestem (Andropogon scoparius) Texas needlegrass (Stipa leucotricha) | Andropogon gerardi, A. saccharoides, Aristida purpurea, Bouteloua curtipendula, B. hirsuta, B. rigidiseta, Buchloë dactyloides, Panicum virgatum, Sorghastrum nutans, Sporobolus asper | Texas |
| 77 Bluestem - sacahuista prairie (andropogon - spartina) | Medium tall to tall, dense to open grassland | Seacoast bluestem (Andropogon littoralis) Coastal sacahuista (Spartina spartinae) | Andropogon glomeratus, A. scoparius, A. tener, A. virginicus, Aristida purpurea, A. roemeriana, Buchloë dactyloides, Carex spp., Paspalum monostachyum, P. plicatulum, Sporobolus poirettii | Coastal plains of Texas and Louisiana |
| 78 Southern cordgrass prairie (spartina) | Medium tall to very tall grassland, often very dense | Smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) | Carex spp., Distichlis spicata, Juncus effusus, J. roemerianus, Mariscus jamaicensis, Panicum hemitomon, P. repens, P. virgatum, Phragmites communis, Sagittaria spp., Scirpus americanus, S. californicus, S. olneyi, S. validus, Spartina cynosuroides, S. patens, S. spartinae, Typha domingensis, Zizaniopsis miliacea | Southeastern Texas, southern Louisiana |
| 79 Palmetto prairie (serenoa - aristida) | Dense, medium tall grasses with scattered palms and shrubs | Wiregrass (Aristida stricta) Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) | Andropogon spp., Aristida spiciformis, Axonopus compressus, A. furcatus, Lyonia fruticosa, L. nitida, Paspalum distichum, Sabal palmetto, Vaccinium myrsinites | Florida |
| 80 Marl everglades (mariscus and persea - taxodium) | Medium tall to tall graminoid vegetation with scattered groves (hammocks) of low to medium tall broadleaf evergreen trees and shrubs and needleleaf deciduous trees | Sawgrass (Mariscus jamaicensis) Red bay (Persea borbonia) Bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) | Aristida tenuispica, Aster exilis, Centella repanda, Eragrostis elliottii, Erigeron quercifolius, Eupatorium capillifolium, Panicum tenerum, Rhynchospora divergens, Chrysobalanus icaco, Ficus spp., Ilex cassine, Magnolia virginiana, Metopium toxiferum, Myrica cerifera, Rapanea guianensis, Rhizophora mangle (southern part) Rhus radicans, Smilax laurifolia, Vitis munsonia | Southern Florida |
| 81 Oak savanna (quercus - andropogon) | Tall grass prairie with broadleaf deciduous trees scattered singly or in groves | Big bluestem (Andropogon gerardi) Little bluestem (Andropogon scoparius) Bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa) | Amphicarpa bracteata, Calamovilfa longifolia (North Dakota), Carya ovata, Comandra richardsiana, Euphorbia corollata, Fraxinus pennsylvanica (North Dakota), Monarda fistulosa, Panicum leibergii, Quercus alba, Q. ellipsoidalis, Q. velutina, Rosa spp., Sorghastrum nutans, Sporobolus heterolepis, Stipa spartea | Wisconsin, Minnesota, North Dakota |
| 83 Cedar glades (juniperus - quercus - sporobolus) | Low to medium tall open grassland with scattered needleleaf evergreen shrubs and groves of low to medium tall broadleaf deciduous trees | Hackberry (Celtis laevigata) (eastern part) Juniper or Red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) Post oak (Quercus stellata (western part) Poverty grass (Sporobolus neglectus) (western part) Poverty grass (Sporobolus vaginiflorus) (eastern part)Winged elm (Ulmus alata) (eastern part) | Andropogon gerardi, A. scoparius, Arenaria patula, Aristida longispica (eastern part), Bouteloua curtipendula, Bumelia lanuginosa, Carya glabra, Celtis tenuifolia, Cercis canadenais, Cheilanthes lanosa, Croton monanthogynus, Forestiera lagustrina (eastern part ), Leavenworthia spp., Palafoxia callosa, Petalostemum purpureum, Pleurochaete squarrosa (eastern part), Psoralea spp., Quercus marilandica, Q. muhlenbergii, Q. velutina, Rhus aromatica, Sedum pulchellum, Symphoricarpos orbiculatus | Tennessee, Alabama, Missouri, and Arkansas |
| 84 Cross timbers (quercus - andropogon) | Medium tall grass with broadleaf deciduous trees scattered singly or in extensive groves | Little bluestem (Andropgon scoparius) Blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica) Post oak (Quercus stellata) | Andropogon gerardi, Bouteloua curtipendula, B. hirsuta, Carya texana, Celtis spp., Elymus canadensis, Eragrostis spectabilis, E. trichodes, Panicum scribnerianum, P. virgatum, Sorghastrum nutans, Sporobolus asper, Stipa leucotricha, )Ulmus crassifolia (southern part) | Texas to Kansas |
| 85 Mesquite - buffalo grass (prosopis - buchloë) | Short grass with scattered low broadleaf deciduous trees and shrubs and low needleleaf evergreen shrubs | Buffalo grass (Buchloë dactyloides) Mesquite (Prosopis julifora var. Glandulosa) (not in northern part) | Acacia greggii, Aristida purpurea, A. roemeriana, Bouteloua gracilis, B. hirsuta, B. trifida, Condalia obovata, Juniperus pinchotii, J. virginiana (northeastern part), Quercus virginiana var. fusiformis, Schedonnardus paniculatus, Yucca glauca | Northwestern Texas, southwestern Oklahoma |
| 86 Juniper - oak savanna (juniperus - quercus - andropogon) | Savanna with a dense to very open synusia of broadleaf deciduous and evergreen low trees and shrubs and needleleaf evergreen low trees and shrubs | Little bluestem (Andropogon scoparius) Ashe juniper (Juniperus ashei) Live oak (Quercus virginiana) | Andropogon gerardi (eastern part), Aristida glauca, A. intermedia, A. purpurea, Bouteloua curtipendula (western part), B. hirsuta, Buchloë dactyloides, Cercis canadensis var. texensis (eastern part), Fraxinus texensis, Hilaria belangeri (western part), Leptochloa dubia (western part), Panicum obtusum (western part), Quercus durandii var. breviloba, Q. shumardii var. texana, Sorghsatrum nutans (eastern part), Sporobolus spp., Tridens pilosus | Central Texas |
| 87 Mesquite - oak savanna (prosopis - quercus - andropogon) | Low to medium tall grass with broadleaf deciduous shrubs and low trees scattered openly to densely | Little bluestem (Andropogon scoparius) Mesquite (Prosopis julifora var. glandulosa) Oak (Quercus spp.) | Aloysia ligustrina, Andropogon barbinodis, A. spp., Aristida intermida, A. purpurea, Bouteloua curtipendula, B. hirsuta, B. rigidiseta, Brayodendron texanum, Buchloë dactyloides, Juniperus ashei, Quercus marilandica, Q. stellata, Ulmus crassifolia | Central Texas |
| 88 Fayette prairie (andropogon - buchloë) | Medium tall, rather dense grassland with scattered open groves of broadleaf deciduous trees | Little bluestem (Andropogon scoparius) Buffalo grass (Buchloë dactyloides) | Andropogon saccharoides, A. ternarius, Aristida purpurea, A. reomeriana, Paspalum dilatatum, P. plicatulum, Stipa leucotricha. The groves of trees are oak - hickory (100) | Southern Texas |
| 89 Blackbelt (liquidambar - quercus - juniperus) | Tall or medium tall broadleaf deciduous forest with concentrations of low needleleaf evergreen trees and patches of bluestem prairie (74) | Juniper or Red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) Sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) Post oak (Quercus stellata) | Carya spp., Fraxinus americana,. Liriodendron tulipifera, Nyssa silvatica, Quercus alba, Q. falcata, Q. muhlenbergii, Ulmus alata | Alabama, Mississippi |
| 90 Live oak - sea oats (quercus - uniola) | Irregular, varying from open grasslands to dense shrub and groves of low broadleaf evergreen trees | Sand live oak (Quercus virginiana var. maritima) Sea oats (Uniola paniculata) | Baccharis halimifolia, Cenchrus tribuloides, Croton punctatus, Ilex vomitoria, Iva frutescens, Juncus roemerianus, Myrica cerifera, M. pensylvanica, Opuntia spp., Panicum amarum, Sabal palmetto, Salsola kali, Serenoa repens, Spartina alterniflora, S. patens, Yucca aloifolia | Along eastern and Gulf coasts from North Carolina to Alabama |
| 91 Cypress savanna (taxodium - mariscus) | Open forest to savanna with needleleaf deciduous trees and some broadleaf evergreen or deciduous trees and shrubs. The trees and shrubs also occur in groves surrounded by open grassland | Three awn (Aristida affinis) Three awn (Aristida patula) Bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) | Acer rubrum var. drummondii, Annona glabra, Blechnum serrulatum, Cyperus haspan, Hypericum fasiculatum, Ilex cassine, Leersia hexandra, Magnolia virginiana, Mariscus jamaicensis, Myrica cerifera, Persea borbonia, Rhynchosora filifolia, Salix caroliniana, Saururus cernuus, Spartina bakeri, Stillingia aquatica, Taxodium distichum var. nutans, Tillandisa utriculata, Utricularia juncea | Southwestern Florida |
| 92 Everglades (mariscus and magnolia - persea | Medium tall to tall grassland with scattered groves (bayheads) of low to medium tall broadleaf evergreen trees and shrubs | Sawgrass (Mariscus jamaicensis) Sweet bay (Magnolia virginiana) Red bay (Persea borbonia) | Aristida affinis, A. patula, Boehmeria cylindrica, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Eleocharis spp., Eragrostis elliottii, Erigeron quercifolius, Myrica cerifera, Osmunda regalis, Panicum hemitomon, Peltandra virginica, Polygonum acre, Pontederia spp., Rhynchospora spp., Sagittaria lancifolia, Salix caroliniana, Sambucus simpsonii, Scirpus spp., Spartina bakeri, Typha angustifolia, Annona glabra, Chrysobalanus icaco, Dryopteris spp., Ilex cassine, Myruca cerufera, Osmunda cinnamonmea, O. regalis, Persea humilis, Rapanea guianensis, Sabal palmetto, Smilax laurifolia | Southern Florida |
| 93 Great lakes spruce - fir forest (picea - abies) | Dense needleleaf evergreen forests, sometimes low but usually medium tall, with modest admixtures of broadleaf deciduous trees | Balsam fir (Abies balsamea) White spruce (Picea glauca) | Acer rubrum, A. spicatum, Betula papyrifera, Pinus resinosa, P. strobus, Populus tremuloides, Sorbus americana, Thuja occidentalis | Northern parts of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan |
| 94 Conifer bog (larix - picea - thuja) | Dense to open, low to medium tall forests of needleleaf evergreen or deciduous trees. The more open parts have a dense undergrowth | Larch (Larix laricina) Black spruce (Picea mariana) Arbor vitae or White cedar (Thuja occidentalis) | Acer rubrum, Carex spp., Chamaedaphne caliculata, Ilex verticillata, Kalmia poliofolia, Ledum groenlandicum, Nemopanthus mucronata, Sphagnum spp. | Northern parts of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan. Also common in New York and New England although not shown on the map because of small extent of individual bogs |
| 95 Great lakes pine forest (pinus) | Low to tall needleleaf evergreen forests often with a synusia of broadleaf deciduous trees and shrubs | Jack pine (Pinus banksiana) Red pine (Pinus resinosa) White pine (Pinus strobus) | Kalmia angustifolia, Populus grandidentata, P. tremuloides, Quercus alba (southern part), Q. coccinea, Q. ellipsoidalis, Q. rubra, Q. velutina | Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan |
| 96 Northeastern spruce - fir forest (picea - abies) | Dense needleleaf evergreen forest, low to medium tall, or in the form of krummholz in high altitudes, with a modest admixture of broadleaf deciduous trees | Balsam fir (Abies balsamea) Red spruce (Picea rubens) | Acer rubrum, Betula papyrifera, B. populifolia, Populus grandidentata, P. tremuloides, Sorbus americana | New England to West Virginia |
| 97 Southeastern spruce - fir forest (picea - abies) | Dense needleleaf evergreen low to medium tall forest, often with a shrubby undergrowth | Fraser fir (Abies fraseri) Red spruce (Picea rubens) | Acer spicatum, Rhododendron catawabiense, Rubus canadensis, Sorbus americana | Southern Appalachian Mountains |
| 98 Northern floodplain forest (populus - salix - ulmus) | Low to tall broadleaf deciduous forest, open to dense often with lianas | Cottonwood (Populus deltoides) Black willow (Salix nigra) American elm (Ulmus americana) | Acer negundo, A. rubrum, A. saccharinum, Betula nigra (eastern part), Celastrus scandens, Celtis occidentalis, Clematis virginiana, Fraxinus americana, F. pennsylvanica, Gleditsia triacanthos, Juglans nigra (southern part), Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Platanus occidentalis (southern part), Populus sargentii, Rhus radicans, Salix amygdaloides, S. interior, Smilax hispida, Symphoricarpos orbiculatus, Ulmus rubra | North Dakota to Oklahoma |
| 99 Maple - basswood forest (acer - tilia) | Medium tall, broadleaf deciduous forest | Sugar maple (Acer saccharum) Basswood (Tilia americana) | Acer negundo, Carya cordiformis, Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Ostrya virginiana, Quercus macrocarpa, Q. rubra, Ulmus americana, U. rubra | Minnesota, northeastern Iowa, western Wisconsin |
| 100 Oak - hickory forest (quercus - carya) | Medium tall to tall broadleaf deciduous forests | Bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis) Shagbark Hickory (Carya ovata) White oak (Quercus alba) Red oak (Quercus rubra) Black oak (Quercus velutina) | Carya glabra, Fraxinus americana, Juglans nigra, Prunus serotina, Quercus muhlenbergii, Tilia americana, Ulmus americana; in the northern part also: Quercus ellipsoidalis, Q. imbricaria; in the southern part also: Carya texana, C. tomentosa, Quercus falcata, Q. lyrata, Q. marilandica, Q. shumardii, Q. stellata | Central United States |
| 101 Elm - ash forest (ulmus - fraxinus) | Medium tall to tall broadleaf deciduous forest | White ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) American elm (Ulmus americana) | Acer rubrum, A. saccharinum, Fraxinus americana, Poplus tremuloides, Prunns serotina, Quercus alba, Q. bicolor, Q. palustris, Thuja occidentalis (northern part), Tilia americana, Ulmus rubra | Michigan, Indiana, Ohio |
| 102 Beech - maple forest (fagus - acer) | Tall broadleaf deciduous forest | Sugar maple (Acer saccharum) Beech (Fagus grandifolia) | Aesculus glabra (southern part), Carya ovata, Fraxinus americana, Juglans nigra, Liriodendron tulipifera, Prunus serotina, Quercus rubra, Tilia americana, Ulmus americana, U. rubra | Michigan and Indiana eastward to New York |
| 103 Mixed mesophytic forest (acer - aesculus - fagus - liriodendron - quercus - tilia) | Tall broadleaf deciduous forest | Sugar maple (Acer saccharum) Buckeye (Aesculus octandra) Beech (Fagus grandifolia) Tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera) White oak (Quercus alba) Northern red oak (Quercus rubra) Basswood (Tilia heterophylla) | Acer nigrum, A. pensylvanicum, A. rubrum, Amelanchier arborea, Betula allegheniensis, B. lenta, Carpinus caroliniana, Carya cordiformis, C. glabra, C. ovata, Cercis canadensis, Cornus florida, Fraxinus americana, Halesia carolina var. monticola (southern part), Ilex opaca, Juglans nigra, Magnolia acuminata, M. fraseri, M. macrophylla (southern part), M. tripetala, Nyssa sylvatica, Ostrya virginiana, Oxydendrum arboreum, Prunus serotina, Tilia americana, Tsuga canadensis (northern part) | Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee |
| 104 Appalachian oak forest (quercus) | Tall broadleaf deciduous forest | White oak (Quercus alba) Northern red oak (Quercus rubra) | Acer rubrum, A. saccharum, Betula lenta, Carya cordiformis, C. glabra, C. tomentosa, Castanea dentata (formerly a co - dominant, now insignificant), Fagus grandifolia, Liriodendron tulipifera, Pinus strobus (northern part), Quercus coccinea, Q. ilicifolia, Q. muhlenbergii, Q. prinus, Q. veltuina, Tsuga canadensis (northern part) | Appalachian Mountains, westward to Ohio |
| 105 Mangrove (avicennia - rhizophora) | Usually dense growth of broadleaf evergreen shrubs and low to medium tall trees with stilt roots, with patches of tropical forest, especially on the keys | Black mangrove (Avicennia nitida) Red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) | Batis maritima, Conocarpus erectus, Laguncularia racemosa, Salicornia perennis The patches of tropical forest include: Bursera simaruba, Coccoloba diversifolia, Dipholis salicifolia, Drypetes diversifolia, Exothea paniculata, Ficus aurea, Lysiloma bahamensis, Nectandra coriacea, Piscidia piscipula, Sapindus saponaria, Sideroxylon foetidissima, Simarouba glauca, Swietenia mahagoni | Coastal region of southern Florida |
| 106 Northern hardwoods (acer - betula - fagus - tsuga) | Tall, broadleaf deciduous forest with an admixture of needleleaf evergreen trees | Sugar maple (Acer saccharum) Yellow birch (Betula allegheniensis) Beech (Fagus grandifolia) Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) | Acer pensylvanicum, A. rubrum, A. spicatum, Fraxinus americana, Kalmia latifolia, Pinus strobus, Prunus serotina, Taxus canadensis, Tilia americana, Ulmus americana | New England, New York, and the northern parts of Pennsylvania, Michigan, and Wisconsin; small area in the southern Appalachian Mountains |
| 107 Northern hardwoods - fir forest (acer - betula - abies - tsuga) | Dense medium tall forests of broadleaf deciduous and needleleaf evergreen trees | Balsam fir (Abies balsamea) Sugar maple (Acer saccharum) Paper birch (Betula papyrifera) Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) | Acer rubrum, A. spicatum, Betula allegheniensis, Fagus grandifolia, Picea glauca, Pinus resinosa, P. strobus, Tilia americana | Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan |
| 108 Northern hardwood - spruce forest (acer - betula - fagus - picea - tsuga) | Tall, dense forests of broadleaf deciduous and needleleaf evergreen trees | Sugar maple (Acer saccharum) Yellow birch (Betula allegheniensis) Beech (Fagus grandifolia) Red Spruce (Picea rubens) Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) | Abies balsamea, Acer rubrum, A. spicatum, Betula papyrifera, Pinus strobus, P. resinosa, Tilia americana, Viburnum alnifolium | New England, New York |
| 110 Northeastern oak - pine forest (quercus - pinus) | Medium tall forest of broadleaf deciduous and needleleaf evergreen trees. In places the forest is low, even shrubby | Pitch pine (Pinus rigida) Scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea) Black oak (Quercus velutina) | Gaylussacia baccata, Kalmia angustifolia, K. latifolia, Pinus echinata, Quercus marilandica, Q. prinus, Q. stellata | New England to New Jersey |
| 111 Oak - hickory - pine forest (quercus - carya - pinus) | Medium tall to tall forest of broadleaf deciduous and needleleaf evergreen trees | Hickory (Carya spp.) Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) White oak (Quercus alba) Post oak (Quercus stellata) | Carya cordiformis, C. glabra, C. ovata, C. tomentosa, Cornus florida, Diospyros virginiana, Liquidambar styraciflua, Liriodendron tulipifera, Nyssa sylvatica, Oxydendrum arboreum, Persea borbonia (lower elevations), Pinus virginiana, Quercus coccinea, Q. falcata, Q. marilandica, Q. prinus, Q. rubra, Q. shumardii, Q. veluntina | Southeastern United States |
| 112 Southern mixed forest (fagus - liquidambar - magnolia - pinus - quercus) | Tall forest of broadleaf deciduous and evergreen and needleleaf evergreen trees | Beech (Fagus grandifolia) (not in central Florida) Sweet gum (Liquidambar) Southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora) Slash pine (Pinus elliottii) (especially in Florida) Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) White oak (Quercus alba) Laurel oak (Quercus laurifolia) | Acer barbatum, Carpinus caroliniana (not in central Florida), Carya glabra (northern part), C. tomentosa (northern part), Cornus florida, Ilex glabra, I. opaca, Liriodendron tulipifera (not in central Florida), Myric cerifera, Ostrya virginiana (not in central Florida), Persea borbonia, Pinus echinata (northern part), P. elliottii var. densa (southern Florida), P. palustris, Quercus falcata, Q. incana, Q. laevis, Q. marilandica, Q. stellata var. margaretta, Q. virginiana (Florida and coastal regions), Sabal palmetto (eastern part), Serenoa repens | Southeastern United States |
| 113 Southern floodplain forest (quercus - nyssa - taxodium) | Dense, medium tall to tall forest of broadleaf deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs and needleleaf deciduous trees | Tupelo (Nyssa aquatica) Oak (Quercus spp.) Bald cypress (Taxodium distichum) | Acer rubrum var. drummondii, Ampelopsis arborea, Berchemia scandens, Campsis radicans, Carya aquatica, C. illinoensis, Celtis laevigata, Forestiera acuminata, Fraxinus caroliniana, F. profunda, Gleditsia aquatica, Ilex decidua, Liquidambar styraciflua, Nyssa silvatica, N. silvatica var. biflora, Persea borbonia, Planera aquatica, Platanus occidentalis, Populus deltoides, P. heterophylla, Quercus falcata var. pagodaefolia, Q. lyrata, Q. michauxii, Q. nigra, Q. shumardii, Salix nigra, Ulmus americana, Vitis spp. | Floodplains of the southeastern United States |
| 114 Pocosin (pinus - ilex) | Low open forests of needleleaf evergreen trees and broadleaf evergreen low trees and shrubs and much moss | Gall berry (Ilex glabra) Pond pine (Pinus serotina) | Cyrilla racemiflora, Gordonia lasianthus, Magnolia virginiana, Myrica cerifera, Persea borbonia, Smilax laurifolia, Sphagnum spp. | Coastal plains from Virginia to South Carolina |
| 115 Sand pine scrub (pinus - quercus) | Open woodland of low needleleaf evergreen trees and broadleaf deciduous or evergreen trees and shrubs | Sand pine (Pinus clausa) Chapman oak (Quercus chapmanii) Myrtle oak (Quercus myrtifolia) Sand live oak (Quercus virginiana var. Maritima) | Bumelia tenax, Carya floridana, Ceratiola ericoides, Chrysopsis graminifolia, Cladonia pycnocladia, Garberia fruticosa, Lyonia ferruginea, Osmanthus americanus, Rhynchospora dodocandra, Serenoa repens | Florida |
| 116 Sub - tropical pine forest (pinus - tetrazygia) | Medium tall forest of needleleaf and broadleaf evergreen trees and shrubs | South Florida slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. Densa) | Chiococca pinetorum, Coccothrinax argentata, Guettarda elliptica, G. scabra, Metopium toxiferum, Myrica cerifera, Tetrazygia bicolor | Southern Florida |